XL-P (Compulsory for all XL candidates) Chemistry
Section 1: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Planck’s quantum theory, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum
mechanical model of hydrogen atom, electronic configuration of atoms and ions.
Periodic table and periodic properties: ionization energy, electron affinity,
electronegativity and atomic size.
Section 2: Structure and Bonding
Ionic and covalent bonding, MO and VB approaches for diatomic molecules,
VSEPR theory and shape of molecules, hybridization, resonance, dipole moment,
structure parameters such as bond length, bond angle and bond energy,
hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. Ionic solids, ionic radii and
lattice energy (Born‐Haber cycle). HSAB principle.
Section 3: s, p and d Block Elements
Oxides, halides and hydrides of alkali, alkaline earth metals, B, Al, Si, N, P, and S.
General characteristics of 3d elements. Coordination complexes: valence bond
and crystal field theory, color, geometry, magnetic properties and isomerism.
Section 4: Chemical Equilibria
Colligative properties of solutions, ionic equilibria in solution, solubility product,
common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, pH, buffer and their applications.
Equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp and Kx) for homogeneous reactions.
Section 5: Electrochemistry
Conductance, Kohlrausch law, cell potentials, emf, Nernst equation, Galvanic cells,
thermodynamic aspects and their applications.
Section 6: Reaction Kinetics
Rate constant, order of reaction, molecularity, activation energy, zero, first and
second order kinetics, catalysis and elementary enzyme reactions.
Section 7: Thermodynamics
First law, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy, enthalpy, Kirchoff
equation, heat of reaction, Hess’s law, heat of formation. Second law, entropy,
free energy and work function. Gibbs‐Helmholtz equation, Clausius‐Clapeyron
equation, free energy change, equilibrium constant and Trouton’s rule. Third law of
thermodynamics.
Section 8: Structure-Reactivity Correlations and Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Acids and bases, electronic and steric effects, optical and geometrical isomerism,
tautomerism, conformers and concept of aromaticity. Elementary treatment of
SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 reactions, Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules, addition reactions,
Markownikoff rule and Kharash effect. Aromatic electrophilic substitutions,
orientation effect as exemplified by various functional groups. Diels‐Alder, Wittig
and hydroboration reactions. Identification of functional groups by chemical
tests.
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