COUNTRIES CAPITALS AND CURRENCIES

COUNTRIES CAPITALS AND CURRENCIES

Country                                     Capital                                                                                                  Currency

Afghanistan	Kabul	Afghani
Albania	Tirane	Lek
Algeria	Algiers	Dinar
Andorra	Andorra la Vella	Euro
Angola	Luanda	New Kwanza
Antigua and Barbuda	Saint John's	East Caribbean dollar
Argentina	Buenos Aires	Peso
Armenia	Yerevan	Dram
Australia	Canberra	Australian dollar
Austria	Vienna	Euro
Azerbaijan	Baku	Manat
The Bahamas	Nassau	Bahamian dollar
Bahrain	Manama	Bahrain dinar
Bangladesh	Dhaka	Taka
Barbados	Bridgetown	Barbados dollar
Belarus	Minsk	Belorussian ruble
Belgium	Brussels	Euro
Belize	Belmopan	Belize dollar
Benin	Porto-Novo	CFA Franc
Bhutan	Thimphu	Ngultrum
Bolivia	La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial)	Boliviano
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	Marka
Botswana	Gaborone	Pula
Brazil	Brasilia	Real
Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan	Brunei dollar
Bulgaria	Sofia	Lev
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou	CFA Franc
Burundi	Bujumbura	Burundi franc
Cambodia	Phnom Penh	Riel
Cameroon	Yaounde	CFA Franc
Canada	Ottawa	Canadian dollar
Cape Verde	Praia	Cape Verdean escudo
Central African Republic	Bangui	CFA Franc
Chad	N'Djamena	CFA Franc
Chile	Santiago	Chilean Peso
China	Beijing	Yuan/Renminbi
Colombia	Bogota	Colombian Peso
Comoros	Moroni	Franc
Congo, Republic of the	Brazzaville	CFA Franc
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Kinshasa	Congolese franc
Costa Rica	San Jose	Colón
Cote d'Ivoire	Yamoussoukro (official); Abidjan (de facto)	CFA Franc
Croatia	Zagreb	Kuna
Cuba	Havana	Cuban Peso
Cyprus	Nicosia	Cyprus pound
Czech Republic	Prague	Koruna
Denmark	Copenhagen	Krone
Djibouti	Djibouti	Djibouti franc
Dominica	Roseau	East Caribbean dollar
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	Dominican Peso
East Timor (Timor-Leste)	Dili	U.S. dollar
Ecuador	Quito	U.S. dollar
Egypt	Cairo	Egyptian pound
El Salvador	San Salvador	Colón; U.S. dollar
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo	CFA Franc
Eritrea	Asmara	Nakfa
Estonia	Tallinn	Kroon
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	Birr
Fiji	Suva	Fiji dollar
Finland	Helsinki	Euro
France	Paris	Euro
Gabon	Libreville	CFA Franc
The Gambia	Banjul	Dalasi
Georgia	Tbilisi	Lari
Germany	Berlin	Euro
Ghana	Accra	Cedi
Greece	Athens	Euro
Grenada	Saint George's	East Caribbean dollar
Guatemala	Guatemala City	Quetzal
Guinea	Conakry	Guinean franc
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	CFA Franc
Guyana	Georgetown	Guyanese dollar
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	Gourde
Honduras	Tegucigalpa	Lempira
Hungary	Budapest	Forint
Iceland	Reykjavik	Icelandic króna
India	New Delhi	Rupee
Indonesia	Jakarta	Rupiah
Iran	Tehran	Rial
Iraq	Baghdad	Iraqi Dinar
Ireland	Dublin	Euro
Israel	Jerusalem	Shekel
Italy	Rome	Euro
Jamaica	Kingston	Jamaican dollar
Japan	Tokyo	Yen
Jordan	Amman	Jordanian dinar
Kazakhstan	Astana	Tenge
Kenya	Nairobi	Kenya shilling
Kiribati	Tarawa Atoll	Australian dollar
Korea, North	Pyongyang	Won
Korea, South	Seoul	Won
Kosovo	Pristina	Euro
Kuwait	Kuwait City	Kuwaiti dinar
Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek	Som
Laos	Vientiane	New Kip
Latvia	Riga	Lats
Lebanon	Beirut	Lebanese pound
Lesotho	Maseru	Maluti
Liberia	Monrovia	Liberian dollar
Libya	Tripoli	Libyan dinar
Liechtenstein	Vaduz	Swiss franc
Lithuania	Vilnius	Litas
Luxembourg	Luxembourg	Euro
Macedonia	Skopje	Denar
Madagascar	Antananarivo	Malagasy franc
Malawi	Lilongwe	Kwacha
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	Ringgit
Maldives	Male	Rufiya
Mali	Bamako	CFA Franc
Malta	Valletta	Maltese lira
Marshall Islands	Majuro	U.S. Dollar
Mauritania	Nouakchott	Ouguiya
Mauritius	Port Louis	Mauritian rupee
Mexico	Mexico City	Mexican peso
Micronesia, Federated States of	Palikir	U.S. Dollar
Moldova	Chisinau	Leu
Monaco	Monaco	Euro
Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar	Tugrik
Montenegro	Podgorica	Euro
Morocco	Rabat	Dirham
Mozambique	Maputo	Metical
Myanmar (Burma)	Rangoon (Yangon); Naypyidaw or Nay Pyi Taw (administrative)	Kyat
Namibia	Windhoek	Namibian dollar
Nauru	Yaren District	Australian dollar
Nepal	Kathmandu	Nepalese rupee
Netherlands	Amsterdam	Euro
New Zealand	Wellington	New Zealand dollar
Nicaragua	Managua	Gold cordoba
Niger	Niamey	CFA Franc
Nigeria	Abuja	Naira
Norway	Oslo	Norwegian krone
Oman	Muscat	Omani rial
Pakistan	Islamabad	Pakistani rupee
Palau	Melekeok	U.S. dollar
Panama	Panama City	U.S. dollar
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby	Kina
Paraguay	Asuncion	Guaraní
Peru	Lima	Nuevo sol
Philippines	Manila	Peso
Poland	Warsaw	Zloty
Portugal	Lisbon	Euro
Qatar	Doha	Qatari riyal
Romania	Bucharest	Leu
Russia	Moscow	Ruble
Rwanda	Kigali	Rwanda franc
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	East Caribbean dollar
Saint Lucia	Castries	East Caribbean dollar
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown	East Caribbean dollar
Samoa	Apia	Tala
San Marino	San Marino	Euro
Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome	Dobra
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	Riyal
Senegal	Dakar	CFA Franc
Serbia	Belgrade	Yugoslav new dinar
Seychelles	Victoria	Seychelles rupee
Sierra Leone	Freetown	Leone
Singapore	Singapore	Singapore dollar
Slovakia	Bratislava	Koruna
Slovenia	Ljubljana	Slovenian tolar; euro
Solomon Islands	Honiara	Solomon Islands dollar
Somalia	Mogadishu	Somali shilling
South Africa	Pretoria (administrative); Cape Town (legislative); Bloemfontein (judiciary)	Rand
South Sudan	Juba	Sudanese Pound
Spain	Madrid	Euro (formerly peseta)
Sri Lanka	Colombo; Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative)	Sri Lanka rupee
Sudan	Khartoum	Dinar
Suriname	Paramaribo	Surinamese dollar
Swaziland	Mbabane	Lilangeni
Sweden	Stockholm	Krona
Switzerland	Bern	Swiss franc
Syria	Damascus	Syrian pound
Tajikistan	Dushanbe	somoni
Tanzania	Dar es Salaam; Dodoma (legislative)	Tanzanian shilling
Thailand	Bangkok	baht
Togo	Lome	CFA Franc
Tonga	Nuku'alofa	Pa'anga
Trinidad and Tobago	Port-of-Spain	Trinidad and Tobago dollar
Tunisia	Tunis	Tunisian dinar
Turkey	Ankara	Turkish lira (YTL)
Turkmenistan	Ashgabat	Manat
Tuvalu	Vaiaku village, Funafuti province	Australian dollar
Uganda	Kampala	Ugandan new shilling
Ukraine	Kyiv	Hryvna
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	U.A.E. dirham
United Kingdom	London	Pound sterling
United States of America	Washington D.C.	dollar
Uruguay	Montevideo	Uruguay peso
Uzbekistan	Tashkent	Uzbekistani sum
Vanuatu	Port-Vila	Vatu
Vatican City	Vatican City	Euro
Venezuela	Caracas	Bolivar
Vietnam	Hanoi	Dong
Yemen	Sanaa	Rial
Zambia	Lusaka	Kwacha
Zimbabwe	Harare	Zimbabwean dollar

 

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Heads of Indian Organisations

Heads of Indian Organisations and Heads of Regulatory Bodies of Various Sectors in India

Followings are the important organisations and regulatory bodies for current affairs exams:-

Attorney General of India

Central Vigilance Commissioner

Chairman, ISRO

Chairman, LIC

Chairman, SBI

Chairman, NABARD

Chairman, NASSCOM

Chairman, Press Council of India

Chairman, Press Trust of India

Chief Economic Advisor

Chairman, Economic Advisory
Council

Chief Election Commissioner

Chief Justice of India

Chief of the Air Staff

Chief of the Army Staff

Chief of the Naval Staff

Comptroller and Auditor General

National Security Advisor

Director, BARC

Director, Intelligence Bureau

Foreign Secretary (MEA)

Secretary (Economic Affairs)

Defence Secretary (MoD)

GST Council (Chairman)

GST Council (Secretary)

GST Council (Commissioner)

Bombay Stock Exchange(Chairman)

Bombay Stock Exchange (MD & CEO)

National Stock Exchange (Chairman)

National Stock Exchange (MD & CEO)

President, CII

President, FICCI

Principal Scientific Adviser

Spokesperson, MEA

HEADS OF FOLLOWING SECTORS:-

Financial Audit and Accounting

Security Market

Insurance

Company related matters

Pension

Fair market

Foreign Exchange and Money Laundering

 

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Full form of important organisation

Full form of important organisation

AAI- Airport Authority of India
ABP- Ananda Bazaar Patrika 
ACC -Associated Cement Companies
ACS :American Chemical Society
ADIDAS: Adolf "Adi" Dassler
AHRC :Asian Human Rights Commission
AIAAA: American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics
AMW :Asia Motor Work
AYUSH: Ayurvedic, Yoga and Naturopathy,
Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
AMC: Annual Maintenance Contract,
AMC:American Motors Corporation
AMUL: Anand Milk Union Limited
AT&T: American Telephone & Telegraph
Company
BARC: Bhaba Atomic Research Center
BBC :British Broadcasting Corporation
BCCI :Board of Control of Cricket in India
BMW: Bayerische Motoren Werke(Bavarian Motor Works)
BIFR :Board of Industrial and Financial
Reconstruction
BIS: Bureau of Indian Standards
BPO :Business Process Outsourcing
BPL: Below Poverty Line

BPL:British Physical Laboratories Group
BRICS: Brazil Russia India China And
South Africa
CBSE :Central Board of Secondary
Education
CBI: Central bureau of Investigation,
CBI:Central Bank of India
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CID :Crime Investigation Department
CISF: Central Industrial Security Force
CRISIL: Credit Rating Information Services
of India Limited
CRPF :Central Reserve Police Force
DHL :Dalsey Hillblom Lynn
DIG :Deputy Inspector General
DLF :Delhi Land and Finance
DRDO :Defence Research and
Development Organization
DST :Department of Science &
Technology
DVC :Damodar Valley Corporation
DS Group: Dharampal Satyapal Group
ERP :Enterprise Resource Planning
EPFO: Employee Provident Fund
Organization
FBI :Federal Bureau of Investigation
FCI :Food Corporation of India

FICCI:Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry

FIFA: Federation Internationale de
Football Association
FMCG: Fast-Moving Consumer Goods
FSSAI :Food Safety and Standards
Authority of India
GOOGLE: Global Organization Of Oriented
Group Language Of Earth
GAIL: Gas Authority of India Limited

HC:High court
HP :Hewlett-Packard

HP:Hindustan Petroleum
HUDCO: Housing and Urban Development
Corporation Limited
IBM: International Business Machines
IATA: International Air Transport
Association
IB :Intelligence Bureau
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
IFFCO :Indian Farmers Fertilizer
Cooperative Limited
IIFL: India Infoline Finance Limited
IPI :International Press Institute
IL&FS :Infrastructure Leasing & Financial
Services
IMA: Indian Military Academy 

IMA:Indian Medical Association
IOC :International Olympic Committee
IPCC: Integrated Professional
Competence Course
IRCTC: Indian Railways Catering and
Tourism Corporation
IRDA :Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority 

IRDA:Infrared DATA Association

ISC:Indian School Certificate
ISI: Indian Standards Institute

ISI:InterService Intelligence 

ISI:Indian Statistical Institute
ISO: International Organization for
Standardization
ISRO: Indian Space Research
Organization
IBPS: Institute of Banking Personnel
Selection
ITI: Industrial Training Institute
IIT :Indian Institute of Technology
JBL: James Bullough Lansing
JCB: Joseph Cyril Bamford
ICWA :Institute of Cost & Works
Accountants of India

ICWA:Indian Child Welfare Act
ITC: Indian Tobacco Company
ITC:International Trade Center
ITC:Independent Telephone Company
JK Tyre :Juggilal Kamlapat Ji Tyres
KEI :Krishna Electricals Industries
Limited
KFC :Kentucky Fried Chicken
KPMG: KLYNVELD PEAT MARWICK
GOERDELER
KRA :Key Result Area

KRA:Key Responsibility Area
LIC: Life Insurance Corporation of
India
L&T: Larsen and Toubro
MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group
MS: Master of Science

MS:Master of Surgery

MS:MicroSoft
MTNL: Mahanagar Telephone Nigam
Limited
NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development
NAAC: National Assessment and
Accreditation Council

NASSCOM:The National Association of Software and Services Companies
NCC: National Cadet Corps
NCERT :National Council of Educational
Research and Training
NDTV :New Delhi Television
NTPC: National Thermal Power
Corporation
NASA :National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NSDL: National Securities Depository
Limited
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
ONGC :Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
PSU: Public Sector Undertaking

PCI: Press Council of India

PTI: Press Trust of India
PSI :Population Services International
PVR: Priya Village Roadshow
RAW: Research and Analysis Wing
RSS:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
SEBI :Securities and Exchange Board of
India
SME :Small and Medium-sized
Enterprises
SOS :Save Our Souls
SAARC: South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation
SAP :systems, applications and
products
SIT :Special Investigation Team
SWAT :Special Weapons and Tactics
TAFE: Tractors and Farm Equipment
TOI :Times of India
UPA :United Production of America 
UPA:United Progressive Alliance
USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
UGC: University Grants Commission
UNESCO: United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund
UPSC: Union Public Service Commission
WEF :World Economic Forum
WIPRO: Western India Products
WWF :World Wide Fund

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Indian states and their capitals

Indian states and their capitals

1. Andhra Pradesh - Amravati

2. Arunachal Pradesh - Itanagar

3. Assam - Dispur

4. Bihar - Patna

5. Chhattisgarh - Atal Nagar

6. Goa - Panaji

7. Gujarat - Gandhinagar

8. Haryana - Chandigarh

9. Himachal Pradesh - Shimla

10. Jammu and Kashmir - Srinagar

11. Jharkhand - Ranchi

12. Karnataka - Bengaluru

13. Kerala - Thiruvananthapuram

14. Madhya Pradesh - Bhopal

15. Maharashtra - Mumbai

16. Manipur - Imphal

17. Meghalaya - Shillong

18. Mizoram - Aizawl

19. Nagaland - Kohima

20. Odisha - Bhubaneswar

21. Punjab - Chandigarh

22. Rajasthan - Jaipur

23. Sikkim - Gangtok

24. Tamil Nadu - Chennai

25. Telangana - Hyderabad

26. Tripura - Agartala

27. Uttar Pradesh - Lucknow

28. Uttarakhand - Dehradun

29. West Bengal - Kolkata

Union Territories and their capitals

1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands - Port Blair

2. Chandigarh - Chandigarh

3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli - Silvassa

4. Daman and Diu - Daman

5. Lakshadweep - Kavaratti

6. Delhi NCT - Delhi

7. Puducherry  - Pondicherry

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List of Mughal Emperors of India

List of Mughal Emperors

Babur (1526- 1530 AD)

Humayun (1526- 1556 AD)

Akbar (1566- 1565 AD)

Jahangir (1605-1627 AD)

Shahjahan (1628-1658 AD)

Aurangzeb (1658-1707 AD)

Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712 AD)

Jahandar Shah (1712-1713 AD)

Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719 AD)

Muhammad Shah (1719- 1748 AD)

Ahmed Shah (1748- 1754 AD)

Alamgir (1754- 1759 AD)

Shah Alam II (1759- 1806 AD)

Akbar II (1806- 1837 AD)

Bahadur Shah II (1837- 1857 AD)

List of Mughal Emperors

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Tags:

mughal emperors family tree

mughal emperor babur

mughal empire timeline

pictures of mughal emperors with their names

mughal empire map

mughal empire facts

the mughal empire class 7

last mughal emperor

Distribution of Rajya Sabha Seats

Distribution of Rajya Sabha Seats

MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE LIST)

Sl no State No of Seats 1 Andhra Pradesh (AP ) 11 11 2 Arunachal Pradesh (AR ) 1 1 3 Assam (AS ) 7 7 4 Bihar (BR ) 16 16 5 Chhattisgarh (CHT ) 5 5 6 Goa (GOA ) 1 1 7 Gujarat (GJ ) 11 11 8 Haryana (HR ) 5 5 9 Himachal Pradesh (HP ) 3 3 10 Jammu & Kashmir (J & K ) 4 4 11 Jharkhand (JHK ) 6 6 12 Karnataka (KAR ) 12 12 13 Kerala (KR ) 9 9 14 Madhya Pradesh (MP ) 11 11 15 Maharashtra (MH ) 19 19 16 Manipur (MN ) 1 1 17 Meghalaya (MGH ) 1 1 18 Mizoram (MZ ) 1 1 19 Nagaland (NG ) 1 1 20 National Capital Territory of Delhi (DL ) 3 3 21 Nominated (NOM. ) 12 12 22 Odisha (OR ) 10 10 23 Puducherry (PUD ) 1 1 24 Punjab (PB ) 7 7 25 Rajasthan (RJ ) 10 10 26 Sikkim (SK ) 1 1 27 Tamil Nadu (TN ) 18 18 28 Telangana (TG ) 7 7 29 Tripura (TR ) 1 1 30 Uttar Pradesh (UP ) 31 31 31 Uttarakhand (UTK ) 3 3 32 West Bengal (WB ) 16 16 Total: 245 245

 

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Distribution of Lok Sabha Seats in Indian states

   

Distribution of Lok Sabha Seats in Indian states

                           State wise Lok sabha seats
Sl. No.                                     Name of State                                         No. of Constituencies
1                                            Andhra Pradesh                                                    25
2                                           Arunachal Pradesh                                                 2
3                                                Assam                                                                  14
4                                                       Bihar                                                             40
5                                              Chhattisgarh                                                         11
6                                                     Goa                                                                    2
7                                                Gujarat                                                                  26
8                                               Haryana                                                                 10
9                                             Himachal Pradesh                                                    4
10                                     Jammu and Kashmir                                                      6
11                                               Jharkhand                                                               14
12                                               Karnataka                                                                28
13                                                  Kerala                                                                    20
14                                             Madhya Pradesh                                                        29
15                                              Maharashtra                                                              48
16                                                 Manipur                                                                     2
17                                                 Meghalaya                                                                  2
18                                                Mizoram                                                                       1
19                                                 Nagaland                                                                      1
20                                                 Odisha                                                                         21
21                                                  Punjab                                                                         13
22                                                 Rajasthan                                                                     25
23                                                 Sikkim                                                                             1
24                                                 Tamil Nadu                                                                  39
25                                                 Telangana                                                                      17
26                                                 Tripura                                                                             2
27                                                 Uttar Pradesh                                                               80
28                                                 Uttarakhand                                                                    5
29                                                 West Bengal                                                                    42

Union Territory wise
Sl. No.                                         Name of State                                                            No. of Constituencies
1                                                   Andaman and Nicobar Islands                                          1
2                                                   Chandigarh                                                                            1
3                                                    Dadra and Nagar Haveli                                                     1
4                                                    Daman and Diu                                                                     1
5                                                    Lakshadweep                                                                          1
6                                                    NCT of Delhi                                                                           7
7                                                    Puducherry                                                                              1

 

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lok sabha members list

LIST OF ALL PRESIDENTS OF INDIA

LIST OF ALL PRESIDENTS OF INDIA

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Dr. Zakir Hussain

V.V Giri

Dr. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

Giani Zail Singh

R Venkataraman

Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma

K R Narayanan

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

Pratibha Devisingh Patil

Dr. Pranab Mukherjee

Ram Nath Kovind

LIST OF ALL PRESIDENTS OF INDIA

 

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Bharat Ratna Awardees List

Bharat Ratna Awardees List

2019

1. Nanaji Deshmukh


2. Bhupen Hazarika


3. Pranab Mukherjee

2015

1. Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee


2. Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya

2014

1. Shri Sachin Tendulkar


2. Professor C. N. R. Rao

2009

1. Pandit Bhimsen Joshi

2001

1. Ustad Bismillah Khan


2. Sushri Lata Mangeshkar                                                                                                                                                     1999

1. Pandit Ravi Shankar


2. Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi


3. Professor Amartya Sen


4. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan

1998

1. Shri Chidambaram Subramaniam


2. Smt M.S. Subbulakshmi

1997

1. Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam


2. Smt Aruna Asaf Ali


3. Shri Gulzarilal Nanda

1992

1. Shri Satyajit Ray


2. Shri J.R.D Tata


3. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

1991

1. Shri Morarji Desai


2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel


3. Shri Rajiv Gandhi

1990

1. Nelson Mandela


2. Dr B.R Ambedkar

 1988

1. Shri M.G Ramachandran

1987

1. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

1983

1. Shri Acharya Vinoba Bhave

 1980

1. Mother Teresa

1976

1. Shri K. Kamaraj

1975

1. Shri V.V Giri

1971

1. Smt Indira Gandhi

 1966

1. Shri Lal Bahadur Shashtri

 1963

1. Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane

1962

1. Dr. Zakir Husain


2. Dr. Rajendra Prasad

 1961

1. Shri Purushottam Das Tandon


2. Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy

1958

1. Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve

 1957

1. Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant

 1955

1. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru


2. Dr. M Visvesvaraya


3. Dr. Bhagwan Das

1954

1. Dr. C.V Raman


2. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan


3. Shri C. Rajagopalachari                                                        http://coursewhizz.com/

GATE Food Technology Syllabus

GATE Food Technology Syllabus

XL - U Food Technology

Section 1: Food Chemistry and Nutrition
Carbohydrates: structure and functional properties of mono-, oligo-, & polysaccharides including starch, cellulose, pectic substances and dietary fibre,
gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. Proteins: classification and structure of
proteins in food, biochemical changes in post mortem and tenderization of
muscles. Lipids: classification and structure of lipids, rancidity, polymerization and
polymorphism. Pigments: carotenoids, chlorophylls, anthocyanins, tannins
and myoglobin. Food flavours: terpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones and quinines.
Enzymes: specificity, simple and inhibition kinetics, coenzymes, enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning. Nutrition: balanced diet, essential amino acids and essential
fatty acids, protein efficiency ratio, water soluble and fat soluble vitamins, role of
minerals in nutrition, co-factors, anti-nutrients, nutraceuticals, nutrient deficiency
diseases. Chemical and biochemical c hanges: changes occur in foods during
different processing.

Section 2: Food Microbiology
Characteristics of microorganisms: morphology of bacteria, yeast, mold and
actinomycetes, spores and vegetative cells, gram-staining. Microbial growt h:
growth and death kinetics, serial dilution technique. Food spoilage: spoilage
microorganisms in different food products including milk, fish, meat, egg, cereals
and their products. Toxins from microbes: pathogens and non-pathogens including
Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Bacillus, Clostridium, and
Aspergillus genera. Fermented foods and beverages: curd, yoghurt, cheese, pickles,
soya-sauce, sauerkraut, idli, dosa, vinegar, alcoholic beverages and sausage.

Section 3: Food Products Technology
Processing principles: thermal processing, chilling, freezing, dehydration, addition of
preservatives and food additives, irradiation, fermentation, hurdle technology,
intermediate moisture foods. Food pack aging and storage: packaging materials,
aseptic packaging, controlled and modified atmosphere storage. Cereal
processing and products: milling of rice, wheat, and maize, parboiling of paddy,
bread, biscuits, extruded products and ready to eat breakfast cereals. Oil
processing: expelling, solvent extraction, refining and hydrogenation. Fruits a nd
vegetables p rocessing: extraction, clarification, concentration and packaging of
fruit juice, jam, jelly, marmalade, squash, candies, tomato sauce, ketchup, and
puree, potato chips, pickles. Plantation crops processing and products: tea, coffee,
cocoa, spice, extraction of essential oils and oleoresins from spices. Milk and milk
products processing: pasteurization and sterilization, cream, butter, ghee, icecream, cheese and milk powder. Processing of animal products: drying, canning,
and freezing of fish and meat; production of egg powder. Waste utilization: pectin
from fruit wastes, uses of by-products from rice milling. Food standards and qu ality
maintenance: FPO, PFA, Agmark, ISI, HACCP, food plant sanitation and cleaning in
place (CIP).

Section 4: Food Engineering
Mass and energy balance; Momentum transfer: Flow rate and pressure drop
relationships for Newtonian fluids flowing through pipe, Reynolds number. Heat
transfer: heat transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, heat exchangers. Mass
transfer: molecular diffusion and Fick’s law, conduction and convective mass
transfer, permeability through single and multilayer films. Mechanical operations:
size reduction of solids, high pressure homogenization, filtration, centrifugation,
settling, sieving, mixing & agitation of liquid. Thermal operations: thermal sterilization,
evaporation of liquid foods, hot air drying of solids, spray and freeze-drying, freezing
and crystallization. Mass transfer oper ations: psychrometry, humidification and
dehumidification operations.

 

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GATE LIFE SCIENCE Zoology Syllabus

GATE LIFE SCIENCE Zoology Syllabus

XL - T Zoology

Section 1: Animal world
Animal diversity, distribution, systematics and classification of animals, phylogenetic
relationships.

Section 2: Evolution
Origin and history of life on earth, theories of evolution, natural selection,
adaptation, speciation.

Section 3: Genetics
Basic Principles of inheritance, molecular basis of heredity, sex determination and
sex-linked characteristics, cytoplasmic inheritance, linkage, recombination and
mapping of genes in eukaryotes, population genetics.

Section 4: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates; replication, transcription and
translation; regulation of gene expression, organization of genome, Kreb’s cycle,
glycolysis, enzyme catalysis, hormones and their actions, vitamins.

Section 5: Cell Biology
Structure of cell, cellular organelles and their structure and function, cell cycle, cell
division, chromosomes and chromatin structure.

Section 6: Gene expression in Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic gene organization and expression (Basic principles of signal
transduction).

Section 7: Animal Anatomy and Physiology
Comparative physiology, the respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive
system, the nervous system, the excretory system, the endocrine system, the
reproductive system, the skeletal system, osmoregulation.

Section 8: Parasitology and Immunology
Nature of parasite, host-parasite relation, protozoan and helminthic parasites, the
immune response, cellular and humoral immune response, evolution of the immune
system.

Section 9: Development Biology
Embryonic development, cellular differentiation, organogenesis, metamorphosis,
genetic basis of development, stem cells.

Section 10: Ecology
The ecosystem, habitats, the food chain, population dynamics, species diversity,
zoogerography, biogeochemical cycles, conservation biology.

Section 11: Animal Behaviour
Types of behaviours, courtship, mating and territoriality, instinct, learning and
memory, social behaviour across the animal taxa, communication, pheromones,
evolution of animal behaviour.

 

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GATE LIFE SCIENCE Microbiology Syllabus

GATE LIFE SCIENCE Microbiology Syllabus

XL - S Microbiology

Section 1: Historical Perspective
Discovery of microbial world; Landmark discoveries relevant to the field of
microbiology; Controversy over spontaneous generation; Role of microorganisms in
transformation of organic matter and in the causation of diseases.

Section 2: Methods in Microbiology
Pure culture techniques; Theory and practice of sterilization; Principles of microbial
nutrition; Enrichment culture techniques for isolation of microorganisms; Light-,
phase contrast- and electron-microscopy.

Section 3: Microbial Taxonomy and Diversity
Bacteria, Archea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes: Yeasts, molds
and protozoa; Viruses and their classification; Molecular approaches to microbial
taxonomy.

Section 4: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Function
Prokaryotic Cells: cell walls, cell membranes, mechanisms of solute transport across
membranes, Flagella and Pili, Capsules, Cell inclusions like endospores and gas
vesicles; Eukaryotic cell organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Section 5: Microbial Growth
Definition of growth; Growth curve; Mathematical expression of exponential growth
phase; Measurement of growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth; Continuous
culture; Effect of environmental factors on growth.

Section 6: Control of Micro-organisms
Effect of physical and chemical agents; Evaluation of effectiveness of antimicrobial
agents.

Section 7: Microbial Metabolism
Energetics: redox reactions and electron carriers; An overview of metabolism;
Glycolysis; Pentose-phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway; Glyoxalate
pathway; The citric acid cycle; Fermentation; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration;
Chemolithotrophy; Photosynthesis; Calvin cycle; Biosynthetic pathway for fatty
acids synthesis; Common regulatory mechanisms in synthesis of amino acids;
Regulation of major metabolic pathways.

Section 8: Microbial Diseases and Host Pathogen Interaction
Normal microbiota; Classification of infectious diseases; Reservoirs of infection;
Nosocomial infection; Emerging infectious diseases; Mechanism of microbial
pathogenicity; Nonspecific defense of host; Antigens and antibodies; Humoral and
cell mediated immunity; Vaccines; Immune deficiency; Human diseases caused by
viruses, bacteria, and pathogenic fungi.
Chemotherapy/Antibiotics
General characteristics of antimicrobial drugs; Antibiotics: Classification, mode of
action and resistance; Antifungal and antiviral drugs.

Section 9: Microbial Genetics
Types of mutation; UV and chemical mutagens; Selection of mutants; Ames test for
mutagenesis; Bacterial genetic system: transformation, conjugation, transduction,
recombination, plasmids, transposons; DNA repair; Regulation of gene expression:
repression and induction; Operon model; Bacterial genome with special reference
to E.coli; Phage λ and its life cycle; RNA phages; RNA viruses; Retroviruses; Basic
concept of microbial genomics.

Section 10: Microbial Ecology
Microbial interactions; Carbon, sulphur and nitrogen cycles; Soil microorganisms
associated with vascular plants.

 

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GATE LIFE SCIENCE BOTANY SYLLABUS

GATE LIFE SCIENCE BOTANY SYLLABUS

XL-R Botany

Section 1: Plant Systematics
Major systems of classification, plant groups, phylogenetic relationships and
molecular systematics.

Section 2: Plant Anatomy:
Plant cell structure and its components; cell wall and membranes; organization,
organelles, cytoskeleton, anatomy of root, stem and leaves, floral parts, embryo
and young seedlings, meristems, vascular system, their ontogeny, structure and
functions, secondary growth in plants and stellar organization.

Section 3: Morphogenesis & Development
Cell cycle, cell division, life cycle of an angiosperm, pollination, fertilization,
embryogenesis, seed formation, seed storage proteins, seed dormancy and
germination.
Concept of cellular totipotency, clonal propagation; organogenesis and somatic
embryogenesis, artificial seed, somaclonal variation, secondary metabolism in plant
cell culture, embryo culture, in vitro fertilization.

Section 4: Physiology and Biochemistry
Plant water relations, transport of minerals and solutes, stress physiology, stomatal
physiology, signal transduction, N2 metabolism, photosynthesis, photorespiration;
respiration, Flowering: photoperiodism and vernalization, biochemical mechanisms
involved in flowering; molecular mechanism of senencensce and aging,
biosynthesis, mechanism of action and physiological effects of plant growth
regulators, structure and function of biomolecules, (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acid), enzyme kinetics.

Section 5: Genetics
Principles of Mendelian inheritance, linkage, recombination, genetic mapping;
extrachromosomal inheritance; prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome organization,
regulation of gene expression, gene mutation and repair, chromosomal aberrations
(numerical and structural), transposons.

Section 6: Plant Breeding and Genetic Modification
Principles, methods – selection, hybridization, heterosis; male sterility, genetic maps
and molecular markers, sporophytic and gametophytic self incompability,
haploidy, triploidy, somatic cell hybridization, marker-assisted selection, gene
transfer methods viz. direct and vector-mediated, plastid transformation, transgenic
plants and their application in agriculture, molecular pharming, plantibodies.

Section 7: Economic Botany
A general account of economically and medicinally important plants- cereals,
pulses, plants yielding fibers, timber, sugar, beverages, oils, rubber, pigments, dyes,
gums, drugs and narcotics. Economic importance of algae, fungi, lichen and
bacteria.

Section 8: Plant Pathology
Nature and classification of plant diseases, diseases of important crops caused by
fungi, bacteria,nematodes and viruses, and their control measures, mechanism(s)
of pathogenesis and resistance, molecular detection of pathogens; plant-microbe
beneficial interactions.

Section 9: Ecology and Environment
Ecosystems – types, dynamics, degradation, ecological succession; food chains
and energy flow; vegetation types of the world, pollution and global warming,
speciation and extinction, conservation strategies, cryopreservation,
phytoremediation.

 

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GATE LIFE SCIENCE BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

GATE LIFE SCIENCE BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS

XL-Q Biochemistry
Section 1:
Organization of life; Importance of water; Structure and function of biomolecules:
Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids; Protein structure,
folding and function: Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, Lysozyme, Ribonuclease A,
Carboxypeptidase and Chymotrypsin.

Section 2:
Enzyme kinetics including its regulation and inhibition, Vitamins and Coenzymes ;
Metabolism and bioenergetics; Generation and utilization of ATP; Metabolic
pathways and their regulation: glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway,
oxidative phosphorylation,gluconeogenesis, glycogen and fatty acid metabolism;
Metabolism of Nitrogen containing compounds: nitrogen fixation, amino acids and
nucleotides. Photosynthesis: Calvin cycle.

Section 3:
Biochemical separation techniques: ion exchange, size exclusion and affinity
chromatography, Characterization of biomolecules by electrophoresis, UV-visible
and fluorescence spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry.

Section 4:
Cell structure and organelles; Biological membranes; Transport across membranes;
Signal transduction; Hormones and neurotransmitters.

Section 5:
DNA replication, transcription and translation; Biochemical regulation of gene
expression; Recombinant DNA technology and applications: PCR, site directed
mutagenesis and DNA-microarray.

Section 6:
Immune system: Active and passive immunity; Complement system; Antibody
structure, function and diversity; Cells of the immune system: T, B and macrophages;
T and B cell activation; Major histocompatibilty complex; T cell receptor;
Immunological techniques: Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, RIA and ELISA.

 

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